Below, we鈥檒l take a look at the science behind calculating fastener torque. Hopefully, it can provide some insight into how to achieve better performance, safety, and reliability in fastening applications.听

Understanding Torque

Torque is the rotational force used to turn a nut, bolt, or screw as part of a bolted joint. You鈥檒l see torque measured by Newton meters (Nm) in metric units and pounds per foot (lb/ft) in inch units.

The Relationship Between Torque and Tension

Torque is closely related to another measurement: tension, or tightness. In fact, one is rarely discussed without reference to the other.听

The relationship between torque and tension is simple: As torque increases, tension in the joint increases. The more force you use to turn a fastener, the tighter the bolted joint gets.

Why Is Fastener Torque Important?

Torque is a critical measurement in the fastener world. It鈥檚 important to pay attention to and get right for your application. Why?听

An under-torqued bolt will be looser than necessary and will not be able to provide as much clamping force as needed. An over-torqued bolt may deform 鈥� thread stripping, heads popping off, etc. 鈥斕齩r break. That last bit is important to remember, as many believe that tighter is better. That鈥檚 not always the case.

Factors Affecting Torque Calculation

The most important factor affecting the relationship between torque and tension, and therefore the appropriate amount of torque, is friction. There are several factors that can affect the amount of friction in a bolted joint, including:听

• Coarse vs. fine threads – Fine threads have more friction than coarse threads.
• Class of thread fit – Thread systems with a tighter fit have more friction than those with a looser fit. For example, 3A/3B is a tighter fit than 2A/2B, and thus more friction for 3A/3B.
• Material and grade – The type of material used, and how hard it is, will impact friction.
• Coatings – Different fastener coatings will have a large impact on friction.
• Bearing surface conditions – The amount of surface area, and how rough it is, affects friction.
• Lubrication – Different lubricants will also have a large impact on friction.

How to Calculate Fastener Torque

There are a couple ways to calculate fastener torque: with a mathematical formula and a physical test.

Fastener Torque Formula

The equation T=kDP is used to estimate fastener torque calculations, where:

• T = Torque in newton-meters (Nm)
• k = Coefficient of friction
• D = Diameter of the fastener in millimeters (mm)
• P = The desired tension in kilonewtons (kN)

Torque-Tension Testing

To calculate fastener torque, you can run a torque-tension test. A torque-tension test is the measurement of the input torque required for a bolted joint to achieve a specified tension.

A typical test setup is shown in the photo below. It consists of a test bolt, test washer, and test nut loosely fitted in a test fixture called a Skidmore. The test fixture contains a load cell that can measure the amount of tension in the joint.

The nut is turned slowly until a preset amount of tension is reached. As the joint is tightened, this action stretches the bolt, creating a clamp load on the joint (in this case, the Skidmore). The amount of torque needed to rotate the nut to the desired tension is measured.听

Related Fastener Specifications

There are two industry specifications that are good to be aware of when it comes to fastener torque: USCAR11-2 and ISO 16047.听

• 鈥減rovides a test method for determining the torque-tension relationship of a fastener finish as applied to a surrogate screw for the purpose of measuring the frictional characteristic of the fastener finish.鈥� It鈥檚 a standard that was developed and is maintained by the US Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) 鈥斕齛 blend of Chrysler, Ford, and General Motors employees.
• 鈥渟pecifies the conditions for carrying out torque/clamp force tests on threaded fasteners and related parts.鈥�

Get Torque Right with Test Fasteners from 黑料大事记

If you work with fasteners, coatings, and other essential components for the automotive industry, then you鈥檙e likely familiar with mandated and standardized tests like torque-tension, bearing surface, and coefficient of friction tests. Whether you鈥檙e completing a standard test or an OEM-specific test, we manufacture the test fasteners you need to complete those tests with confidence and accuracy 鈥斕齛ll at our facility in Harrison Township, Michigan.

Request a quote for your test fasteners here, or contact us for more information.听

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So, what are those differences, and what exactly does 鈥渃ustom fastener鈥� mean to us? This article will fill you in.

What Are Custom Fasteners?

Custom fasteners are any fasteners that are manufactured to customer specifications. They don鈥檛 follow a standard design, which makes them hard to find in the general fastener marketplace. Specifications can be made for several characteristics, including part, size, head style, material, coating, and more.

Custom fasteners are also commonly referred to as special fasteners, specialty fasteners, and per-spec fasteners.

RELATED: Need a specialty bolt, screw, or stud? 黑料大事记 can help.

Custom Fastener Manufacturer Capabilities

鈥淐ustom鈥� can mean a number of things, depending on which engineer, designer, or manufacturer you ask. But since the word 鈥渃ustom鈥� can be so broad, it鈥檚 important to understand that every manufacturer will be limited to some extent by their capabilities.

As an example of what that may look like, we鈥檒l list some of our custom fastener manufacturing capabilities. We specialize in limited-run, special parts made to the highest quality. However, we are limited by our size and equipment to a relatively small scope of parts. Please keep in mind that this is just what we can do; other manufacturers may be able to make more, less, or different parts.

Parts Capabilities

We can manufacture the following fastener types:

• Bolts
• Screws
• Studs
• Wheel studs

Head Style Capabilities

We can manufacture parts with the following head styles:

• Hex head
• Round head
• Square head
• Place bolt

We can also manufacture these head styles, but only with one particular part number:

• T-bolts (7069543)
• 12 point (9338540-2)

Size Capabilities

Our size capabilities vary depending on the type of fastener you鈥檙e looking for. Here are the size specifications we can handle, categorized by type.

Bolts & Screws

Diameters

• M5 – M30
• 录鈥� – 1 录鈥�

Lengths

• Diameters up to 5/16鈥� = 6鈥� maximum length
• Diameters 鈪溾�� or more = 8鈥� maximum length

Place Bolts

Diameters

• M8 – M20
• 录鈥� – 1鈥�

Lengths

• Diameters up to 5/16鈥� = 6鈥� maximum length
• Diameters 鈪溾�� or more = 8鈥� maximum length

Wheel Studs

Diameters

• M8 – M30
• 5/16鈥� – 1 鈪涒��

Material Capabilities

We specialize in the manufacturing of alloy steel and carbon steel fasteners. We do not manufacture parts with stainless steel or super alloys like Monel and Inconel.

How the Custom Fastener Manufacturing Process Works

Again, the custom fastener manufacturing process may look different depending on which manufacturer you choose to work with. Here鈥檚 a general idea of what our processes are like for customers who know the exact part they need and for customers who aren鈥檛 100% sure of what they need yet.

Custom Fastener Manufacturing for a Known Part

Most of the time, a customer comes to us knowing exactly the part they need. An engineer or designer has determined the part that鈥檚 needed and what its specifications are. They鈥檝e already drawn the blueprints for it.

At that point, they鈥檒l submit an RFQ and blueprint to our team, which also states the number of parts that are needed. We鈥檒l review it to make sure it鈥檚 in our wheelhouse of capabilities. If it is, we鈥檒l send a quote out, and if the customer chooses to place the order, we run the job.

If the part is not within our wheelhouse of capabilities, we鈥檙e happy to refer the customer to a different manufacturer who will be able to help.

Custom Fastener Manufacturing for an Unknown Part

Occasionally, a customer will come to us without knowing the exact part they need. While we don鈥檛 have an engineering team on staff to design the part for them, we鈥檙e more than happy to offer recommendations based on the part鈥檚 intended application. We can also make suggestions to help make things easier and more affordable.

Some example recommendations we鈥檝e made in the past include:

• Certain lengths are standard for certain diameters, and fitting within those standard dimensions can make the manufacturing and installation process much easier.
• We have existing tooling for some parts, so if the customer can work within the tooling we have, they won鈥檛 be charged for new tooling.
• Some fastener coatings are cheaper and easier to source than others.

If the part with all of its recommendations is something we can manufacture, we talk quantities, pricing, and lead times and send a quote out. If the quote is signed, we run the job.

It鈥檚 important to note that this is an instance where ordering in a limited-run quantity is especially helpful. Because we can make fasteners in limited-run quantities, customers can mitigate risk by ordering a smaller 鈥渢rial run鈥� before committing to high production volumes.

And, of course, if the part鈥檚 design isn鈥檛 within our wheelhouse of capabilities, we鈥檙e happy to refer the customer to a different manufacturer who can help them.

黑料大事记: Your Trusted Source for Custom Bolts, Screws, and Studs

黑料大事记 is an American manufacturer of limited-run, hard-to-find, custom fasteners. Our jobs are manufactured to customer specifications and cold-formed for durable, high-quality results.

If you need a custom bolt, screw, or stud for your project, we鈥檙e your top-choice manufacturer. Send us your ideas or blueprints, and we鈥檒l be happy to discuss how we can help bring them to life.

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Below we鈥檒l take a look at what tensile strength is, how it鈥檚 tested, and how it relates to other common fastener specs.

What Is Tensile Strength?

A fastener鈥檚 tensile strength is the maximum amount of force a fastener can withstand before fracturing. It鈥檚 also referred to as ultimate tensile strength, or UTS. It can be affected by factors like material composition, hardness, and size of the part.

Tensile strength is one of the measurements set by a quality standard 鈥斕齦ike ISO, ASTM, SAE etc. 鈥斕齮hat fasteners must meet to qualify for a grade or property class. Each standard has its own tensile strength requirements.

Let鈥檚 use , for example. The chart below shows three different ISO 898-1 property classes for bolts and what tensile strength they require.

How Do You Determine the Tensile Strength of Fasteners?

To determine the tensile strength of a fastener, the fastener must undergo a testing procedure called a wedge tensile test. Below is an overview of how that test works and why it鈥檚 important.

Wedge Tensile Test

During wedge tensile testing, a wedge is placed under the head of a fastener, then force is applied until the fastener breaks. The wedge is used because it puts extra stress on the junction of the head and the body of the fastener. This ensures the integrity of the junction.

If the fastener breaks at a force greater than the minimum tensile requirement in the spec, the fastener has passed the tensile test. However, the break must not occur at the junction of the head and the body of the fastener. If the break does occur there, the fastener has failed the tensile test regardless of the force at which the break occurred.

Why Is Tensile Strength Testing Important?

Tensile strength testing is important because it shows us how much force can be applied to a fastener before it will break. You can probably guess why this is an important piece of information to know. It helps solidify that the fastener is strong enough and safe enough to be used in specific conditions and for a specific purpose.

If you get fasteners that don鈥檛 have a high enough tensile strength for your application, you鈥檒l have to deal with fastener breakage and failure issues. On the flipside, if your fasteners鈥� tensile strength is higher than necessary, you鈥檝e probably wasted money on that added strength.

Tensile Strength vs. Proof Load vs. Yield Strength

Now, you may wonder how tensile strength relates to other industry terms like proof load and yield strength.

Tensile strength, proof load, and yield strength are all measurements set by a standard that fasteners need to meet to qualify for a particular grade or property class. They鈥檙e all related to the load a threaded fastener can bear when pulled perpendicularly from its head. The diagram below shows an example of this.

However, there are key differences between these terms and how they relate to fastener testing, production, and performance. Here鈥檚 a side-by-side look at their definitions.

• Tensile strength: the maximum amount of force a fastener can withstand before fracturing.
• Proof load: the minimum amount of force that a fastener must be able to withstand for a given amount of time without permanently deforming.
• Yield strength: the load that鈥檚 carried at the point where a fastener permanently deforms.

To summarize, there are different levels of force measured here. Tensile strength is the highest level, followed by yield strength, then proof load. For a closer look at how these terms compare and contrast, read this blog.

If you weren鈥檛 aware of any of these terms, and maybe a few other ones, too, this glossary-style blog is full of helpful fastener terminology.

RELATED: Need a specialty bolt, screw, or stud? 黑料大事记 can help.

Get Quality Fasteners Manufactured to Your Specifications

At 黑料大事记, per-spec and limited-run fasteners are our specialty. You hand us the blueprints and we鈥檒l deliver the parts you need, in the quantity you need, and with the level of quality you need.

Give us a call at (800) 656-2658 or contact us online to learn more about our services.

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If you鈥檙e looking for general information on what fasteners are, what they鈥檙e used for, how they鈥檙e made, and more, you鈥檙e in the right place. Below are 15 of our most frequently asked questions about fasteners. Answers are provided by our experienced team.

15 Frequently Asked Questions About Fasteners

The 15 questions listed below are just a starting point for the fastener industry. If you have a question that you don鈥檛 see on this list, feel free to reach out to us. We鈥檒l likely have an answer, or we鈥檒l at least be able to direct you to someone who does.

1. What Are Fasteners?

The term 鈥渇astener鈥� refers to a broad category of tools and hardware used to mechanically join two or more materials together. In most cases, fasteners create non-permanent joints between two or more materials. However, there are some exceptions where fasteners can be permanent solutions.

You鈥檙e probably aware of some of the most common types of fasteners; things like screws, nuts, bolts, studs, etc. But there are thousands of variations of those, as well as many other types of fasteners. For more on fastener types, check out Questions 2 and 3.

2. What Are Specialty Fasteners?

At 黑料大事记, we鈥檙e a proud manufacturer of specialty fasteners. But we often get the question, 鈥淲hat exactly are specialty fasteners, and how are they different from traditional ones?鈥� from prospective customers. It seems like a pretty straightforward question with a straightforward answer听鈥斕齜ut the truth is, it鈥檚 not always as simple of a definition as it seems. Here鈥檚 our best shot at it.

Specialty fasteners are fasteners designed and manufactured for a certain industry, application, or material. They鈥檙e made following unique specifications (often provided by OEMs) that set them apart from the common fasteners you鈥檇 find in a hardware store or used in a widely practiced application.

The tricky part of this definition is that 鈥渟pecialty鈥� is a pretty fluid word. You could say that most fasteners are specialty fasteners 鈥斕齣t just depends on to what extent.

3. How Many Types of Fasteners Are There?

We鈥檒l put it this way: if we were to list all the types of fasteners available, we鈥檇 be typing for hours. There is an astounding number of fasteners, such as screws, clips, bolts, rivets, etc. Further yet, each type of fastener also has a range of subtypes that lend themselves to particular applications.

For the sake of brevity and simplicity, we discuss three of the most common types of fasteners (and their subtypes!) in this blog.

4. How Are Fasteners Manufactured?

There are three common fastener manufacturing methods: cold forming, hot forging, and machining.

• Cold forming is the process of forming a fastener without heating up the metal. It鈥檚 achieved by pressing or striking the metal within a form or die. You may have also heard or seen it referred to as 鈥渃old heading.鈥�
• Hot forging is the process of heating up metal to a point where it becomes malleable, then forming it in a die.
• Machining is the process of cutting away metal to meet a fastener鈥檚 desired dimensions.

There are advantages and disadvantages to each of these processes, which you can read more about here. At 黑料大事记, we鈥檙e a big fan of cold forming (find out why in Question 5!), but there are some applications where we use machining techniques as well.

5. What Are the Advantages of Cold Forming Fasteners?

Again, cold forming is the process of forming a fastener without heating up the material. It鈥檚 done by pressing or striking the material within a die to create desired features and dimensions.

Cold forming is arguably the best way to manufacture fasteners. Why?

• It produces less waste. Cold forming is done without removing any material, which reduces waste and improves material utilization.
• It鈥檚 fast. Cold forming is a high-speed process, allowing some manufacturers to make up to 100 parts per minute.
• It creates stronger fasteners. Through a process called 鈥渨ork hardening,鈥� cold forming adds strength to the fastener. The material is shaped without being cut or heated, allowing it to keep its original grain structure.
• It requires less energy. Cold forming requires no additional energy to heat the material before manufacturing.
• It works for most metals. Cold forming works on a bunch of metals, including stainless steel, copper, brass, aluminum, lead, and bronze. It鈥檚 an especially good option when working with alloy steel and low carbon steel.

6. What Materials Are Fasteners Made Of?

Fasteners can be made of many different materials. Some common examples are steel (and various steel alloys), aluminum, brass, titanium, and even plastic. But while there are endless possibilities, it鈥檚 important to know which material may be best suited for your application.

The material you choose can influence a number of fastener characteristics and performance metrics, such as tensile strength, weight, corrosion resistance, and longevity.

RELATED: Need a specialty bolt, screw, or stud? 黑料大事记 can help.

7. What Are Fastener Coatings?

Fastener coatings are chemicals applied to metal fasteners to improve their performance and longevity. Just like the main material chosen, fastener coatings can affect performance metrics like corrosion resistance, lubricity, aesthetics, and health (some coatings have been found to be toxic).

It鈥檚 important to choose the right fastener coating for your application, depending on how you need your fastener to function. However, it鈥檚 also important to remember that not all applications require a fastener coating. If yours doesn鈥檛 need one, it鈥檚 not worth spending time and money on.

8. What Are Rolled Threads?

Two main ways to create external fastener threads are rolling and cutting.

Rolled threads are formed by pressure. The fastener is rolled through a set of threading dies that displace the material and form threads. No material is removed, and all grain structure is left unchanged during this process. It鈥檚 a cold-forming process (more on that in Question 5).

Rolled threads are often the best choice. They鈥檙e more durable, accurate, and resource-efficient than cut threads.

9. What Are Cut Threads?

Two main ways to create external fastener threads are rolling and cutting.

Cut threads are formed by cutting fastener material away from a round bar. It鈥檚 typically done with a threading die or single-point machining tool. If you鈥檙e working with a large diameter or a part with cavities, thread cutting is the way to go.

10. What Is a Knurl?

The purpose of a knurl is to create a gripping mechanism. It鈥檚 usually found on the body of the fastener 鈥斕齣n most cases, a wheel stud. Then, when the fastener is pressed into a hole, the knurl will grip the hole and prevent the fastener from spinning or slipping.

You can see the knurl on the photo of a wheel stud below:

11. What Are Fastener Grades, and Why Are There So Many of Them?

Fastener grades refer to requirements for mechanical properties of fasteners. In order to qualify for a certain grade, a fastener must conform to material, dimensional, and strength requirements for that grade. Different specifications and standards define the mechanical requirements for each grade or property class (the metric equivalent of grade).

There are a ton of different standards and specifications out there which define their own grades or property classes. Many of these specs define multiple grades depending on the desired strength of the fastener. Some examples of these specs include SAE J429, ASTM A354, and ISO 898-1. Check out this blog for more specific information.

12. What Does This Head Marking Mean?

With most fasteners, the head marking signifies a manufacturer鈥檚 identifier, a grade marking, or both. You can find examples of how to read these head markings in the following blogs:

• What Do Screw and Bolt Head Markings Mean?
• Understanding a Few Common ASTM Inch-Series Bolt Grade Markings
• Understanding Metric Bolt Head Markings

13. What Quality Standards Do Fasteners Need to Meet?

Quality standards are guidelines and requirements established by manufacturers, OEMs, government agencies, etc., and they鈥檙e everywhere in the fastener industry. Quality standards can be applied to just about every aspect of fastener manufacturing, such as quality management systems, materials, threads, surface coatings, and head markings. Certain standards are also applied to fasteners made for a particular industry, such as military or automotive fasteners.

Some quality standards we commonly come across here at 黑料大事记 include:

• International Standards Organization (ISO) standards like , , , and .
• Deutsches Institut f眉r Normung (DIN) standards, which are losing popularity and are only being used for products without an ISO or EN standard.
• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standards like .
• American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards like and .

14. How Are Fasteners Tested?

Many fasteners must be tested before being approved for use in on-the-market products. This ensures they perform as intended, reducing the risks of product failure and consumer harm.

There are a lot of tests that can be performed on fasteners, with some being more common than others. There aren鈥檛 any that are always used, but there are some that are frequently used, such as:

• Proof load, tensile strength, and yield strength testing
• Rockwell hardness testing
• Salt spray testing (test for corrosion resistance)
• Magnetic particle testing
• Decarburization testing
• Torque-tension testing
• Coefficient of friction testing

15. How Do I Choose the Right Fastener for My Application?

This is the toughest question of them all. Once you have all the fastener information you need, how do you actually go about choosing one for your application? Here are some important aspects we recommend taking into consideration:

• Fastener type
• Fastener material
• Fastener coating
• Fastener size
• Fastener grade
• Fastener thread type

Even once you鈥檙e through that list, you may still feel a little lost. In that case, it鈥檚 best to consult with an experienced fastener manufacturer like us at 黑料大事记. We鈥檙e not designers, but we can listen to your needs and make sound recommendations based on them and each of the factors listed above.

Have More Questions About Fasteners? 黑料大事记 黑料大事记.

If you have a fastener-related question that鈥檚 not mentioned in this article, we can still help. Our experts are happy to direct you to the answers you鈥檙e looking for and provide recommendations on which solutions may work best for your application. Get in touch by calling us at (800) 656-2658 or contacting us online.

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In this article, we鈥檒l cover a test that鈥檚 less common, but just as important to know about when you鈥檙e dealing with fasteners: coefficient of friction testing. We鈥檒l discuss:

• What coefficient of friction is
• The basics of coefficient of friction testing for fasteners
• What factors affect coefficient of friction for fasteners
• Examples of coefficient of friction specifications

What Is Coefficient of Friction?

Let鈥檚 start with a definition. Coefficient of friction (CoF) is the ratio between frictional force and normal force. That is, the ratio between the force needed to move one surface across another and the normal force, or pressure, that holds the surfaces together.

Typically, a coefficient of friction value will be between 0 and 1. Coefficients closer to 0 indicate objects that move more easily over one another. Coefficients closer to 1 indicate objects that aren鈥檛 as easily moved over one another. In fact, a coefficient equal to 1 would mean that it takes the same amount of force to pick up the object as it does to move it across another surface.

How to Determine Friction Coefficient for Fasteners: Coefficient of Friction Testing

Now let鈥檚 talk about how you may determine that value: coefficient of friction testing. We鈥檒l discuss some of the background information on it, how it鈥檚 accomplished, and why it鈥檚 important in the grand scheme of things.

What Is Coefficient of Friction Testing?

Coefficient of friction testing is a fastener testing method that measures the static and kinetic friction, or resistance, of a bolted joint鈥檚 surfaces as it鈥檚 being tightened.

• Static friction: the force necessary to initiate motion between two surfaces
• Kinetic friction: the resistance to sliding once one or two surfaces are in motion

This test is sometimes called out in big specifications (like ), along with regular torque-tension tests, bearing surface tests, and so on. It鈥檚 intended to measure how much torque is needed to tighten a fastener to a specified tension. In other words, the amount of friction at play is one of the main factors in that big torque-tension test, so it鈥檚 important to know the coefficient of friction of every material, lubricant, and coating going in.

A coefficient of friction test is normally completed with a Skidmore-Wilhelm machine in a lab. This is just one brand of testing machine out there, but it鈥檚 a well-known market leader. You can learn more about these machines and how they work on the .

Why Is Coefficient of Friction Testing Important?

The entire point of these fastener tests is to help OEMs determine the correct setting for their torque wrenches when they install fasteners. They know how tight they need the joint to be, so they need to figure out how much torque they need to get to that desired tension.

Too little torque and the fastener won鈥檛 be able to do its job properly. Too much torque and the fastener will be put under too much stress, causing threads to strip or the entire fastener to break. Knowing the optimal friction value is critical in determining the relationship between torque and tension in any bolted joint.听

It鈥檚 also necessary to determine the coefficient of friction for a particular material, lubricant, or coating, or to verify an already known coefficient of friction value for any of those things. Some manufacturers are also required to run these tests periodically to ensure their known coefficient of friction value is still valid.

So if you were to change a fastener鈥檚 material, lubricant, or coating, one way to compare alternative solutions is from a friction standpoint. You can look at the coefficient of friction value for a possible new coating and immediately know what effect it鈥檒l have on your tightening values.

Need help deciphering some of these fastener terms? Check out our Guide to Fastener Terminology.听

What Factors Can Affect Coefficient of Friction for Fasteners?

As you can likely assume, there are many different factors that can affect a fastener鈥檚 coefficient of friction. Some of the most common ones are:

• Material and grade 鈥�听The type of material used, and how hard it is, affects friction.
• Class of fit for mating threads 鈥� Thread systems with a tight fit have more friction than those with a loose fit.
• Fine vs. coarse threads 鈥�听Fine threads have more friction than coarse threads.
• Bearing surface area and properties 鈥�听The amount of surface area, and how rough it is, affects friction.
• Coatings and lubricants 鈥�听Different fastener coatings and lubricants affect friction in different ways.

Examples of Coefficient of Friction Specifications

Now, some examples. At 黑料大事记, we sell test products that various manufacturers use in their coefficient of friction testing. Most of the test products we supply are for nut manufacturers and coating makers. The nut manufacturers get test bolts from us to test the coefficient of friction values of their own hardware. The coating makers get plain bolts, nuts, and washers from us, then coat and test them.

Interested in checking out a few OEM specifications for test products used in coefficient of friction testing? Check out this page on our site with specs from General Motors.

RELATED: Need a specialty bolt, screw, or stud? 黑料大事记 can help.

Get Coefficient of Friction Test Products from 黑料大事记

If you鈥檙e looking for test products to run your coefficient of friction tests with, talk to our team at 黑料大事记. We have years of experience working with OEMs, fastener manufacturers, and coating manufacturers to deliver the high-quality test parts they need to complete mandated and standardized testing procedures with accuracy. 黑料大事记 us to learn more about our products, or request a quote today.

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